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Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
What is GLP-1?
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a naturally occurring hormone that plays an important role in regulating blood sugar, appetite, and digestion.
GLP-1 agonist medications mimic how this hormone works in the body. After eating, GLP-1 signals the pancreas to release insulin when blood sugar rises. This helps the body manage glucose levels.
GLP-1 also slows digestion and influences appetite signals in the brain, which can contribute to feeling full after meals.
These effects may support blood sugar management in people with type 2 diabetes when prescribed by a licensed healthcare provider.
1. Stimulates insulin secretion
GLP-1 enhances insulin release from the pancreas when blood sugar is elevated, helping to lower blood glucose levels after meals.
2. Suppresses glucagon secretion
GLP-1 inhibits the release of glucagon, a hormone that increases blood glucose, contributing to better post-meal glucose control.
3. Slows gastric emptying
GLP-1 delays the movement of food from the stomach into the intestines, which slows the rise in blood glucose and can reduce appetite.
4. Promotes satiety
GLP-1 signals to the brain that the body has had enough to eat, helping reduce hunger and cravings.
Source: U.S. National Library of Medicine, GLP-1 review
Yes, you need a prescription and to be under a doctors care while using GLP-1 to ensure you are using the medication safely.
*Please read section of what you need to know about this medication.
GLP-1 medications may be prescribed by a licensed provider for:
• Type 2 diabetes management
• Chronic weight management for individuals with obesity or weight-related conditions
• Cardiometabolic risk reduction in some patients with type 2 diabetes
How does it work?
To understand how GLP-1 agonists work, it helps to first understand how the naturally occurring GLP-1 hormone functions in the body.
GLP-1 is a hormone produced in your small intestine after you eat. It plays several important roles in how your body manages blood sugar and appetite, including:
Triggering insulin release from the pancreas
Insulin helps your body use glucose from food for energy and lowers the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.
Reducing glucagon release
Glucagon is a hormone that raises blood sugar when your body needs it. GLP-1 helps limit excess glucose from entering the bloodstream after meals.
Slowing stomach emptying
Slower digestion helps moderate how quickly glucose enters the bloodstream.
Supporting feelings of fullness (satiety)
GLP-1 influences areas of the brain involved in hunger and fullness, which can help reduce appetite after eating.
What are the side effects?
The most common side effects of GLP-1 agonists include:
- Reduced appetite
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
These side effects are more likely when starting treatment or during dose increases.
Other side effects can include:
- Dizziness
- Slight increase in heart rate
- Headaches
- Indigestion (upset stomach)
- Mild redness, itching, or irritation at the injection site
Serious but rare side effects may include:
- Pancreatitis
- Possible thyroid C-cell tumor risk (see Important Safety Information)
- Kidney problems related to dehydration
- Worsening diabetes-related retinopathy
- If you experience severe abdominal pain, vision changes, or signs of an allergic reaction, contact a licensed healthcare provider.
Important Medical Considerations
Speak with a licensed healthcare provider before considering GLP-1 medications. Certain medical conditions may affect whether these medications are appropriate.
Tell your provider if you have:
• Personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer or MEN2
• History of gallbladder disease
• History of pancreatitis
• Kidney disease
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Gastroparesis or severe digestive issues
• History of depression or mental health conditions
• Planned surgery or procedures involving anesthesia or deep sedation
• Type 1 diabetes
Find Out if GLP-1 May Be Appropriate for You
- Answer a few questions to share your health goals and preferences
- Learn about GLP-1 medications and how they are prescribed
- If a prescription medication is selected, you will meet with a licensed virtual provider
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Safety info: GLP-1 medications may have serious side effects, including possible thyroid tumors. Do not use if you or your family have a history of a type of thyroid cancer called MTC or MEN 2. See more serious warnings & safety info here.